Normality Calculator
Calculate normality (N) from molarity and n-factor (equivalents per mole).
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Enter the molarity of the solution and the n-factor (number of equivalents per mole). For sulfuric acid in acid-base reactions, the n-factor is 2 because it donates 2 H+ ions. The calculator multiplies molarity by n-factor to give normality.
About the Normality Calculator
Normality is a measure of concentration equal to the number of equivalents per liter. It differs from molarity in that it accounts for the reactive capacity of each mole. While somewhat outdated, normality remains useful in titrations and water chemistry where equivalents simplify stoichiometric calculations.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the n-factor?
The n-factor is the number of equivalents per mole of substance. For acids, it is the number of H+ ions donated. For bases, it is the number of OH- ions provided. For redox reactions, it is the change in oxidation state per formula unit.
What is the difference between normality and molarity?
Normality accounts for the reactive capacity of a substance (equivalents), while molarity only counts moles. N = M x n-factor. For monoprotic acids like HCl, N = M. For H2SO4, N = 2M.
Is normality still used?
Normality is less common in modern chemistry because it depends on the specific reaction. IUPAC discourages its use, but it still appears in analytical chemistry, water treatment, and clinical labs.